Module A1.4 - Human Biology I

Introduction into Human Biology (17.10.2016)

• history
• principles
• aims of the module

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• Medical terminology

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• humoral pathology, organ pathology, cellular pathology
• macroscopy, microscopy, histology, cytologyanatomic pathology, histopathology, cytopathology

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• concepts and procedures of a clinical autopsy
• body cavities, relation between thoracic, abdominal and retroperitoneal organs

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Organization of the cell (18.10.2016)

• cell morphology
• physical structure of the cell
• functional organization of the cell: cytoplasm, organelles, nucleus
• Lipids

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• Slides Part 1: The cell
• Slides Part 2: Lipids
• Review questions

Biomolecules: Amino acids and proteins (24.10.2016)

• amino acids of proteins
• "nonstandard" amino acids
• primary and 3-dimensional structure of proteins

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• Part 1: Slides,
• Part 2: Slides,
• Review Questions

Cells, tissues, organs - Basics of histology (28.10.2016)

• from protozoa to multicellular organism
• concepts of cellular collaboration
• main types of tissues in humans
• tissue preparation for histological examination, histological staining methods, histochemistry

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Biomolecules: Nucleic acids (25.10.2016)

• nucleic acids, nucleotides, DNA
• forces stabilizing nucleic acid structures
• transcription, translation

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Immunohistoloy and molecular techniques in histology (04.11.2016)

• Definition of immunohistochemistry (IHC)
• Application of IHC in histopathology
• Main techniques used in detection of alterations in genomic DNA, mRNA and on the protein level
• importance of molecular diagnosis in pathology

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Molecular cloning (01.11.2016)

• recombinant DNA technology
• chromatographic separations, electrophoresis

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• transcription, translation
• DNA replication
• DNA repair

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General pathology: adaptation, inflammation, neoplastic transformation (11.11.2016)

• tissue homeostasis: atrophy, hypertrophy
• types of cell death
• basics of inflammation
• basics of immune response
• neoplstic transformation, tumor classification

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Eukaryotic gene expression (08.11.2016)

• chromosome structure
• genomic organization

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• control of gene expression

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Cell cycle, cell reproduction, apoptosis (14.11.2016)

• cell growth, cell differentiation
• cell cycle
• cell reproduction

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Anatomy and pathology of the skin (18.11.2016)

• case presentation
• anatomy/structure of the skin
• histomorphology of epidermis, dermis and sucutaneous tissues
• histologic variations according to anatomic sites
• histologic alterations of the skin caused by ageing
• pathologic changes of the skin: inflammation and tumors

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Biomolecules: sugars  (15.11.2016)

• monosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins

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• Slides
• Review questons

Thermodynamic principles (21.11.2016)

• application of the laws of thermodynamics to biochemistry
• Gibbs free energy, chemical equilibria
• enzyme kinetics

Anatomy and pathology of connective tissue I (25.11.2016)

• extracellular matrix
• types of connective tissue
• basic macroscopical / microscopical anatomy of bones and joints
• basic macroscopical / microscopical anatomy of fibrous connective tissue
• basic macroscopical / microscopical anatomy of adipose tissue

Enzymes, enzyme kinetics (22.11.2016)

• classification of enzymes
• coenzymes
• enzyme kinetics, regulation of enzymatic activity 

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• Slides
• Review questions

• diffusuion, dynamic equilibrium
• osmosis
• electrochemical diffusion
• active and passive transport processes

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• Slides
• Review questions for lectures 7A, 7B, 8A

Chen

Anatomy and pathology of connective tissue II (02.12.2016)

• case presentation
• pathologies of bones and joints
• pathologies of fibrous connective tissue
• pathologies of adipose tissue
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Electrical excitability, action potentials (29.11.2016)

• ion channels, ion pumps
• the resting membrane potential
• action potentials of excitable tissues

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Electrical excitability, action potentials (05.12.2016)

• the resting membrane potential
• action potentials of excitable tissues

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Anatomy and pathology of muscle tissue (09.12.2016)

• case study: a 9 y/o boy with progressive limb weakness
• normal histology and anatomy of muscles
• pathophysiology of muscle tissue
• hereditary vs acquired muscle diseases
• diagnostic approach, imaging studies
• treatment options

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Physiology of neurons
(06.12.2016)

• microscopic anatomy of the neuron
• conduction

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Synaptic transmission, the neuromuscular junction (12.12.2016)

• structure of electrical and chemical synapses
• transmitters

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Anatomy and pathology of the skull and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) (16.16.2016)

• case study: a 28 y/o woman with hearing loss
• normal histology and anatomy of the skull and the peripheral nerves
• pathophysiology of peripheral nerves
• pathological basis of diseases of the peripheral nervous system
• diagnostic approaches, imaging studies

• treatment options

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Cellular physiology of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle (13.12.2016)

• excitation and contraction of the skeletal muscle (neuromuscular transmission, excitation-contraction coupling)
• excitation and contraction of the cardiac muscle
• excitation and contraction of the smooth muscle

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• Slides
• Review questions

Organization of the nervous system (19.12.2016)

• general design of the nervous system
• major levels of CNS function

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Anatomy and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) (23.12.2016)

• case study: a 55 y/o man with sudden loss of his speech
• normal histology and anatomy of the CNS
• pathophysiology of the CNS
• pathological basis of diseases of the CNS
• diagnostic approach, imaging studies
• treatment options

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Autonomic nervous system (20.12.2016)

• physiologic anatomy of the symathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
• autonomic reflexes
• pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system

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Cardiac physiology I (02.01.2017)

• anatomy and physiology of the cardiac muscle
• the cardiac cycle
• the cardiac action potential

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Anatomy and pathology of the cardiovascular system I - Ischemia and myocardial infarction (06.01.2017)

• case study: a 61 y/o man with recurrent chest pain
• normal histology and anatomy of the heart
• pathophysiology of the heart
• pathological basis of diseases of the heart
• diagnostic approach, imaging studies
• treatment options

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Cardiac physiology II (03.01.2017)

• cardiac mechanics
• work diagram of the heart

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• Slides
• Review questions

Cardiac physiology III (09.01.2017)

• excitatory and conductive system of the heart
• the normal electrocardiogram
• cardiac arrhythmias

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Anatomy and pathology of Cardiovascular system II -  Blood vessels, thrombosis, embolisms (13.01.2017)

• case study: sudden death of a 43 y/o obese woman on a plane ride
• normal histology and anatomy of blood vessels
• pathophysiology of the blood vessels and the coagulation system
• pathological basis of diseases of blood vessels
• diagnostic approach, imaging studies

• treatment options

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Cardiac physiology (cont.)

Cardiovascular
system I (16.01.2017)

• physical principles
• functions of the arterial and venous system, microcirculation

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Anatomy and pathology of the respiratory tract (20.01.2017)

• case presentation
• normal structure and histology of the lung
• pattern recognition based on normal anatomic landmarks
• incidental findings in lung biopsy and resection tissue: effects of smoking etc., emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, tumors
• targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer
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Cardiovascular
system II (17.01.2017)

• local control of blood flow
• regulation of arterial pressure
• regulation of extracellular fluid volume

Blood and hematopoietic system (27.01.2017)

• case presentation
• organs, tissues and cells of the hematopoetic and lymphatic system
• thymus, lymph nodes, spleen
• bone marrow, blood
• tumors derived from hematopoetic and lymphatic cells: leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, myelofibrosis, myeloid sarcoma
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Respiratory system I (24.01.2017)

• anatomy of the respiratory system
• mechanics of pulmonary ventilation

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• Slides
• Review questions for lecture 14B + 15A

Respiratory system II (30.01.2017)

• Physical principles of gas exchange
• transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
• regulation of respiration
• high-altitude physiology, physiology of deep-sea diving

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• Slides
• Review questions see lecture 14B

Signal transduction (31.01.2017)

• principles
• receptors
• second messengers

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• Slides